Fire Management Essay

I. Presentation: In the early many years of the twentieth century, The Philippine government embraced an approach of forceful fire concealment. Proficient firemen were prepared to identify and battle flames, and fire stations were worked in key zones all through our nation. The point of fire concealment is, first, to stop or hinder the pace of a fire’s spread, and furthermore, to put it out. There are three parts to any fire †fuel, temperature, and oxygen †which have gotten known as the fire triangle. To stifle a fire, firemen must break this triangle, by expelling the ignitable materials, by decreasing its temperature, or by covering it with the goal that it has no oxygen. Stifling flames turned out to be impressively progressively compelling after World War II and when new fire engines, helicopters, smokejumpers, fire retardant garments and new putting out fires procedures were brought into the battle against flames. It appeared as though the seething infernos that had pulverized property and threatened individuals would turn into the immense calamities of the past, restricted to little flare-ups that could be immediately managed. It has been seen that when individuals hear fire or smoke alerts, their first reaction is regularly to attempt to discover the purpose behind the caution as opposed to promptly getting away or announcing a fire. In certain circumstances, nobody is available to hear a caution or on the off chance that they do hear it, they may decide to disregard it totally. On the off chance that they understand it is a fire, they may attempt to battle it themselves, caution or help others, or gather effects The kind of working where an alarm initiates is a key factor in the manner individuals react. Ordinarily, a caution in a home prompts a quick reaction by tenants while reaction to an alert in open gathering inhabitance could be relied upon to be moderate. This proposes wellspring of call estimates delineated by inhabitance type would be useful in analyzing absolute reaction time measures. Fire spread may likewise be influenced by fire notice and dispatch. The additional time it takes to advise the local group of fire-fighters, the additional time fire needs to spread. Be that as it may, checking administrations might be more probable than people to report bound flames, since people are probably going to put these minor flames out themselves. To recognize this, the wellspring of the call would need to be analyzed alongside fire spread. Contrasted with all structures, a structure with a caution checking framework might be bound to be furnished with a programmed fire recognition as well as concealment framework, which would improve the probability that a fire would be recognized early or contained to the room of starting point. The measure may be additionally fortified by looking at the level of calls made by either people or caution observing administrations by nearness or nonattendance of programmed concealment frameworks. In the National Capital Region with a populace of 11.86 Million, it is the place the greater part of the greatest and heartbreaking fire unfolded in this manner, successful and effective firefighting is fundamental. Shockingly, the BFP firemen were need legitimate individual defensive types of gear and current firefighting types of gear which is critical in doing their ordered assignments. II. RELATED ISSUES AND CONCERNS: There are a few examinations, some of which go back to the 1970’s, that feature significant execution measures for local groups of fire-fighters to consider while assessing remaining burden, execution, proficiency, and viability. There have been some key changes in fire codes since the 1970’s. This can affect proportions of local group of fire-fighters execution. Fire recognition and concealment hardware is presently required in most new development. For the fire administration, the ideal fire assurance results †which are not effectively estimated †incorporate flames forestalled or smothered, and at last the human life and property protected. You can't quantify a program without first obviously distinguishing the objectives and reason for that program, at the end of the day the planned result. Objective proclamations are subjective articulations that commonly sum up the proposed result of a program in words as opposed to numbers. This is the initial step to as sessing execution. When planned objectives are set up, the division must distinguish the capacities or moves that are made so as to accomplish said objective. They should likewise consider accessible assets †regardless of whether fiscal, gear, or individual hours. Why measure execution? Robert Behn calls attention to, â€Å"neither the demonstration of estimating execution nor the subsequent information achieves anything itself; just when somebody utilizes these measures somehow or another do they achieve something.† Performance estimates are the quantitative or numerical portrayal of exercises and assets that help assess whether the objective is met. The most effortless and most ideal method of applying quantitative execution measures to subjective objective explanations is to explicitly recognize target rates or rates for every objective. For instance, one subjective objective explanation for the local group of fire-fighters may be to â€Å"control fire spread upon arrival.† The office could utilize the measure: level of flames that didn't spread past the region of beginning after appearance of the local group of fire- fighters. When conversing with open executives and town authorities, saying 88% of flames didn't spread past the territory of starting point after local group of fire-fighters appearance doesn’t truly mean much without a recognized objective. Obviously, in a perfect world everybody needs 100% of flames limited to the territory of source, yet it isn't generally the situation. Practical objective objectives ought to be set. Networks aren’t static; they develop and change after some time. Populace size and attributes can change. Building types and development materials can change. An adjustment in office strategy (i.e., work force levels, investigation recurrence) can influence execution. The local group of fire-fighters should take these issues into thought and analyze its own community’s qualities and division strategy after some time. As per The Rand Fire Project, any open help must be estimated by its adequacy, effectiveness, and value. Viability is worried about the essential explanation behind offering the support. Proportions of viability decide how well an assistance does what it should do. To decide adequacy, it’s imperative to look past prompt yield and decide the related results of that yield. Productivity is worried about how well assets are utilized in offering the support. Productivity measures are a financial model, frequently connected with cash. Value is worried about the connection between the individuals who pay and the individuals who advantage. Value estimates take a gander at the decency in levels of administration gave and resident desire (Chaiken and Ignall). III. Strategy ISSUES: The Manila Fire District (MFD) reaffirms five wide objectives: 1. Improve Fire/Emergency Response Operations 2.1 Enhance the Department’s readiness to react to flames, crises, catastrophes and demonstrations of fear based oppression. The Department’s most elevated need keeps on being to upgrade its operational ability to react to flames, pre-medical clinic care crises, building breakdown and unsafe materials episodes, just as cataclysmic events, fear monger acts and different crises. 2.2 Fire Management Program 2.3.1 Pre-Suppression 2.3.2.1 Training: All work force will get preparing in emergency treatment, fireline security, fire conduct and procedures and techniques for fire concealment. This will remember occasional hands-for preparing with hand apparatuses and gear, just as team and fireline association. Directors and fire the executives faculty need extraordinary preparing in fire control strategies to guarantee their capability when coordinating fire concealment activities. 2.3.2.2 Pre-assault arranging is required at Administrative Staff and Branch levels for the social affair, planning and recording of knowledge, just as the development of certain fire control offices, to protect the fast and productive concealment of fire on some random zone. Pre-assault arranging will include: (an) Assess and guide existing offices, firelines and get to course, which are decided to be imperative to the fruitful control of flames. (b) Identify and propose extra offices, firelines, and different guides to fire control, including support required. (c) A gauge of staff, hardware, and different variables required including other office cooperators that will accommodate sheltered and productive fire control. (d) Identify common and physical assets of unique significance. (e) Construct and keep up new lines and offices as indicated by plan, by need, as assets and time grant. (f) Keep pre-assault plans current to yearly handle checks and modifications. 1.2.1.3. Gear and Material Readiness (a) Will get, represent, and keep up specific gear and material utilized on the side of fire control exercises, for example, broadcast communications and PC hardware. (b) Will keep up firefighting gear and material in safe condition and condition of availability. (c) Will keep up a satisfactory stock of gear, material and gracefully. 2.3.2 Suppression (a) The episode administrator is answerable for all exercises and procedure on the fire. He may designate greater obligation to aides as hierarchical needs develop, however he is consistently the last power and bears complete duty. (b) Coordinate with Barangay and Volunteer Fire Brigades for sure fire concealment of fire and different crises. 2.3.3 Demobilization (a) Completion of all reports identified with the fire. (b) Repair and upkeep of all hardware utilized on the fire and substitution of things rendered unserviceable or consumed. (c) Debriefing and scrutinize will be led as proper. Significant things of data picked up will be joined in the last fire report. 2. Improve Fire Prevention and Safety Education 2.1 Prevention A significant res

Ob : All the Wrong Moves

Hierarchical BEHAVIOR-I CASE ANALYSIS All the Wrong Moves Submitted to: Dr. Saleena Khan Asst. Teacher, OB and HRM Area IMT, Nagpur Submitted By: GROUP-1, SECTION-An Aakanksha Garg 2012001 Abhinav Aggarwal 2012007 Abhishek Gupta 2012013 Abinash Dash 2012015 Aditya Mohan 2012022 Akash Agrawal 2012029 Anant Kr Ajmera 2012040 Ankita Pandey 2012051 Introduction: This case is about an organization ‘Nutrorim’ which was established in 1986 by a natural rancher and his wife.Nutrorim produces different lines of nutrients and healthful enhancements. The case is about the imperfections in dynamic procedure of the organization. Wear Rifkin is the principle character of the case who attempts to address the choices made by the organization at the hour of emergency or something else. The workers of the organization give blended and various audits over similar conversations. Wear the CEO of the organization attempted to discover the inputs with the assistance of experts. While experienc ing the case we attempted to discover the primary explanations behind poor dynamic of the organization and attempted to discover the answers for the same.Background: Nutrorim which was established in 1986 by a natural rancher and his better half had been at the highest point of its field. Nutrorim’ s items had increased national consideration and the company’s natural, execution improving enhancement powder Charge Up had experienced the rooftop because of an underwriting by a well known Olympic competitor. This lead the Nutrorim to enlist several new workers, extend its creation offices and get two nutrient firms. Nutrorim opened up to the world in the year 1997 and by 2002 Changeup was the smash hit exhibition improving games powder on the market.Don Rifkin who joined Nutrorim as CEO in 1989 had made a decent attempt to encourage a glad, participatory, vote based culture at Nutrorim. Steve Ford was the leader of the R&D segment of Nutrorim. In any case, during the previous one year, Nutrorim had experienced a spate of awful choices. An expert was employed to survey the company’s dynamic procedures that had singular meetings with ranking directors. Destinations: * Understanding the significance of target examination and oversight at key level dynamic in an association Necessity to have a firm and clear progression inside an association for powerful dynamic in face of emergency. * Understand requirement for a Leader to recognize the mastery that his subordinates have and appointing them obligations as needs be for running an association viably. * Understanding the insufficiency emerging out of dynamic procedure in an association on the off chance that it is excessively vote based at key level. Investigation: The said organization was given an allegation that their item was making individuals sick.The organization's alternatives were to keep the possibly hazardous item on the racks, which could transform into a claim, or to acknowledge t he expenses and do a review. In meeting of the top supervisors there were immense contradictions on who ought to have the most force in the dynamic procedure and there was minimal sorted out conversation and not all the voices were being heard. There was an absence of brought together initiative that had the option to gauge all the voices and settle on an additionally observing choice. The board of trustees individuals were not bound together on what ought to really be done.Employees in places of intensity didn't pose the correct inquiries to settle on very much educated choice. The choice to review Charge Up was made under a ton of vulnerability and was the realities were not broke down altogether before taking choice. The organization knew the outcomes of reviewing or leaving the item on the racks. This choice was a non-modified choice that ought to be made by top administrators. The circumstance was brought to a neighborhood radio broadcast and the organization started to freeze that the data would open up to the world destroying the organization's reputation.There are an excessive number of individuals giving their sources of info and many thought about the allegations literally which restricted target, profitable conversations on what was the best activity for the organization to take. The organization needs to name an individual or a little gathering of individuals that can assume responsibility in the midst of emergency so as to oversee conversations better and settle on a definitive choice. The authority ought to have the option to address or lead research of cases encompassing their difficulty. The Leadership here wasn’t compelling in distinguishing the mastery of its individuals which now and again made clashes inside the team.Solutions: * Nutrorim came up short on an unequivocal arrangement for taking activities when choices are to be taken particularly when a period was a limitation. * Don was right when he wished to have a little fair way t o deal with taking choices yet depending totally on agreement brought about steering clear of the real issue time and again and burning through a great deal of time. Taking numerous points of view of taking a gander at an issue and discovering its answer should be possible efficiently by the procedure of individually criticism yet an official conclusion must lay on the C. E.O and the concerning division head as a choice taken by a lion's share vote may not be right as the space mastery of workers taking an interest in the gathering will be striking (It relies upon the region where the issue is emerging). * For this situation when Nutrorim was blamed for making gastric issues its clients; a convenient activity was basic as the name of the brand was in question. Assembling different conferences was an exercise in futility and moves ought to have been made by Don as a pioneer himself in the wake of tuning in to each one perspectives. He ought to have trained PR Director to quickly retu rn to the calls she got from the media individual (radio broadcast) to tell the open that since such an examination is occurring the organization gives most extreme need to its customer’s wellbeing and it will even consider a review till the time the examinations were finished by the wellbeing office. This activity would make the open mindful that the organization was making an effort not to conceal something away from plain view and it was helping out the wellbeing division. A choice must be taken in light of the considerable number of realities and viewpoints and not simply taken on the grounds that it’s to each one taste. Ones the method of reasoning is clear behind the strategy for tending to the current issue, the seat will quickly guarantee its opportune execution. * Corporate culture was not sound. Steve’s conduct towards Nora was unseemly and his conduct ought to have been denounced and sifted through by Don. It’s extremely fundamental for represe ntatives to work sincerely for sound working of an association. Nearness of a Knowledge office in the organization tracks powerful course of activities taken by different organizations at the hour of comparative emergency in the past assists with taking auspicious measures viably. Gaining from others helps in dynamic. Hypothetical Relations: * Bounded discernment: He could see that reviewing the item is the main game plan. He didn’t investigate different alternatives. * Rational dynamic: He estimated the alternatives, took inputs from different workers, and did an intensive report before taking a choice. Star dynamic character: He takes activities, has dynamic capacities. * Employee commitment: He connects all the representatives of the organization in dynamic procedure. * Workforce assorted variety: There is differing workforce in the organization. Administrative learning: * A trough ought to comprehend aptitudes of each colleague and allot them obligations as per their spec ialized topics. * Controlling force: A chief ought to have firm power over the dynamic procedure in the association and should likewise be a successful group pioneer. Coordination: An administrator ought to have the option to build up coordination among the workers. There ought not be clashes among the representatives on the off chance that any, at that point chief ought to mediate and resolve the equivalent. * Balance among equitable and tyrannical methodology: A supervisor ought not be excessively fair just as authoritarian in dynamic. REFERENCES United States Edition , entitled Organizational Behavior, fourteenth Edition, ISBN: 9780136124016 by Robbins, Stephen P. , Judge, Timothy A. , distributed by Pearson Education Inc. , distributing as Prentice Hall 2011

Online Shop System Problem Statement Essay

Client can program through the item inventory and add the things to shopping basket. He can continue to checkout as long as his shopping basket isn't vacant. Client will require to login to the framework when he continue to checkout, or he can make a record on the off chance that he not yet have one. The request will charge to the Visa enlisted in customer’s account. Client need to gives complete name, email address, telephone number, Visa and charging address subtleties while making a record. Client can login to the framework to keep up his record data, for example, changing telephone number, address, and Visa subtleties, and check the status of his requests. Upon request got, the business staff will process the request by charge to customer’s Mastercard. When the request has been charged, he will at that point mark the request as paid and go to messenger organization and convey them to client. In the event that the things client requested is unavailable, at that point the request will stamp as on hold. Once the item(s) showed up, the request will go to dispatch organization for conveyance. Dispatch organization will pack the thing with standard bundling, yet on the off chance that the request is set apart as blessing, at that point the things will pack as blessing. In the event that the things showed up with harm, client can return it by register in the online shop. Messenger organization will gather the thing from client and deals staff will discount the cash for that thing. Showcasing staff dependable to keep up the item inventory. He can likewise arrangement the advancement thing list and send advancement email to client.

Are Student Loan Repayment Programs For You

HomeFinanceFederal LoansAre Federal Student Loan Repayment Programs For You?This page may contain affiliate links.Oct 30, 2019Student loan debt and federal student loan repayment programs have become VERY hot topics these days. According to StudentLoanHero, there is $1.56 trillion in total U.S. student loan debt, 44.7 million Americans with student loan debt, and 11.5% of student loans are 90 days or more delinquent or are in default. So, its fair to say that any advice and information that would facilitate loan repayment is helpful. Not every college student has a high-income job awaiting them upon graduation. For most student loan borrowers, the 10-year repayment plan is the standard, but it’s not always affordable. Income-driven repayment plans, only for federal student loan types are designed to make your monthly loan payment affordable based on your income, family size, and the state you live in. In order to do this, these plans extend payments beyond the standard 10-year term to 20 or even 25 years. Your monthly payment, then, is reduced, potentially enabling you to retain some funds and live within your budget. As a bonus, it’s possible for the remaining balance to be forgiven after 10 years of on-time payments if you work for a Public Service Loan Forgiveness Employer. Here’s what you really need to know about these plans before your student borrows one cent: How Do Federal Income-Based Repayment Plans Work? The student submits an income verification form each year that essentially helps their federal student loan servicer(s) understand what the student can afford as a payment. You can use the federal student loan Repayment Estimator calculator to estimate what the payment could be. The amount of the payment is based on ten percent of the students discretionary income. The U.S. Department of Educationconsiders yourdiscretionary incometo be your gross — after tax —income minus the poverty guidelines for your family size. It doesn’t matter whether the student has $300,000 in debt or $40,000 in debt, the payment is based solely on income. For instance, let’s say there are three separate students in different occupational fields with an adjusted gross income of $50,000, the first year after graduation. One student has $20,000 in debt. The next student has $50,000 in total debt and the other student went to medical school and has $200,000 in debt with a four percent interest rate. The income-driven payment the federal government says each student can afford is a $265 to $397 payment. The standard payments on these amounts are $202, $506, and $1,667. As long as the payment doesn’t go above this amount, they’ll all pay about the same amount on their loan. The maximum loan term is 20 years. Note: The amount of the loan does matter if the student’s income goes up drastically and no longer qualifies for the program. Thus, if your student is a doctor who eventually will make $200,000 per year, pay attention to the standard payment amount. That could be the amount they pay later. When it doubt, guesstimate by inputting other income amounts into the Repayment Estimator calculator to see how much the payment would rise. Caution: As your student progresses in the repayment process, they should always submit the income verification form a few weeks before annual anniversaries of beginning repayment. Doing so prevents a payment jump due to lack of income verification. Benefits of the Income Driven Repayment (IDR) Plans Interest benefits There is an interest benefit on income-driven repayment plans, but they are a bit different than when you’re on an economic deferment, which is excused breaks from payments. When you’re in deferment you don’t have to pay interest for up to three years on subsidized loans, the loans where the government pays the interest while you’re in school. The interest benefit for income-driven repayments is that on subsidized loans, the government will pay the interest difference if the payment doesn’t pay for the total the loan accrued in interest that month. For instance, let’s say a graduate qualifies for an income-driven repayment of $20. The interest that would have accrued on their subsidized loans that month would have been $50. The government would pay the remaining $30. Four Types of Income-Driven Payment Plans Revised Pay As You Earn(REPAYE) This plan caps federal student loan payments at 10% of your discretionary income and forgives your remaining balance after 20 or 25 years of repayment. Pay As You Earn(PAYE) In this plan, your payment is 10% of your income. And that payment will never go above what your student’s payment would be on standard 10-year plan and could be as low as $0 when the student’s income is low enough. Your repayment term is 20 years. Income-Based Repayment(IBR) If you’re a borrower after July 1, 2014, your payment is capped at 10% of your income, and you will make payments for 20 years. If you borrowed before that date, your term will be 25 years. Income-Contingent Repayment(ICR) This is the only plan for which Parent PLUS Loans are eligible — though you will have to consolidate these loans first. Monthly payments are set as the lesser of either 20% of your discretionary income, or what you would pay for a fixed plan over twelve years. ICR also offers student loan forgiveness after 25 years. Students are allowed to change repayment plans annually. Thus, if his or her income goes up in the future, a student may decide to switch to a plan that has guaranteed low payments, long-term. For instance, they can always pay off loans early. However, if graduates qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness, they want to stick with income-driven options so part of their loan can be forgiven after ten years of on-time payments. Quick tips for understanding income-driven options: Income-driven repayment plans can have payments as low as $0. Choosing an income-driven plan is important if your student is in a public service career. Graduates can change plans annually. Thus, if the income-driven plan is no longer the best option, they can change it. Extended plans can be a better option for long-term affordable payments. Use the Repayment Estimator calculator from the federal government to estimate post-graduation payments. You can even estimate for the amount you expect to borrow over a four-year span. Bottom Line Income-Driven Payment Plans can be a lifesaver if your post-college career is not yet providing you with the funds you may have anticipated. Like anything, research and sensible thinking will determine whether you qualify and any of the plans will work for you.

Writing Process Analyzing Your Audience - 1356 Words

The Writing Process The first thing to do in the writing process is to select a topic and do research on that topic. Once you’ve selected a topic and have done enough research to tentatively commit yourself, you can then go into the four phases of the writing process; I. Prewriting: Analyzing your audience, determining your purpose in writing, limiting the scope of what you will cover, and generating potential content. II. Drafting: Making a case and structuring your evidence for that case. III. Revising: Putting yourself in the place of the reader, rethinking your approach, and making changes that will improve your case. IV. Polishing: Editing and proofreading to eliminate errors and improve the coherence and the readability of your†¦show more content†¦Annotating a text with your thoughts about the authors arguments or summaries in your own words will help you understand the text, and may be useful if you need to return to it later. ( University of Sussex, 2016)1 Many students find that marking their study texts with highlighter pens or annotating them by writing in the margins helps them to concentrate, and it enhances their understanding. Just deciding what to highlight, underline or annotate encourages you to think critically and formulate your own response to the text. To use this technique, first read quickly through the text to get an overview of what it s about. Then read it more closely, pausing at the end of each paragraph to identify the main points. In the page margins you might like to add brief comments and queries as annotations. Then you decide what you want to highlight or underline to help you to recognize key points and their significance. You may decide to emphasize †¢ A sentence or word that sums up an important idea †¢ Quotations †¢ Statistics †¢ Specialized terms †¢ Important or useful data †¢ Examples or links to other ideas. You could use different colored pens to mark different kinds of information, but be careful not to highlight so much that it becomes distracting. This technique is not a replacement for making your own notes, but may form the first stage in creating diagrammatic notes (such as mind maps) as well as preparing for essays. (The

Alcohol Is Not A Safe Drug - 2289 Words

Within the United States there are many restrictions and laws regarding drug usage and which drugs are legal. Many individuals are for the usage of drugs and others are not. A specific drug that has been used since man walked the earth is alcohol. Although alcohol is legal and is the most widely used drug in the world, like any other drug it has its negative effects. Despite the vast majority of negative effects it has, it is still considered legal to individuals over the age of 21. Throughout this paper I will focus on the true issues of alcohol consumption and provide many examples that illustrate why alcohol is not a safe drug even if it is legal and provide theories that will better explain alcohol consumption. Alcohol has been through many different stages throughout history. Although many scientists have stated alcohol has been used since prehistoric times alcohol consumption began being traced in 1790. During 1790 to 1919 the sale of alcohol was legal. During this time period also known as the â€Å"colonial times† an abundance of alcohol was consumed by almost everyone. The consumption of alcohol was a natural part of life. During the seventeenth and eighteenth century drinking occurred everywhere including; mealtime, work, political events, even the army troops received alcohol (Lender and Martin, 1987). In 1790 the alcohol consumption for people 15 and older was at 5.8 gallons of alcohol per year and continued to rise in 1800 to 7.1 gallons in 1830. It was discoveredShow MoreRelatedï‚ §A Hazard And Risk Vulnerability Analysis To Identify Potential1466 Words   |  6 PagesSharePoint for more details. Safe Work Practices Construction R Us will establish and maintain safe work procedures, practices, and codes of practice to perform work in a manner that safeguards the health and safety of contractor’s personnel, Subcontractors, Construction R Us site employees, and visitors at or near the worksite. 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As darkness pervades, the narrator finds it difficult to be his brother’s keeper, understand the issue with drugs and alcohol, and to understand why so many blacks were physically and mentallyRead MoreAssessment Of Community Level Barriers1460 Words   |  6 Pagesappropriate to those needs.† (nnlm.gov,2016) Building off the plan and goals set for the model program I created this paper will evaluate the critical barriers that risk the success of the program. ‘Moving Up’ is a program to offer services in alcohol and drug rehabilitation. The vision for this program is to create a clinic/medical office that offers every service a person could need to fight and win against substance abuse addiction. The goal of Moving Up is to service the entire community in one

Chemistry Gcse Coursework Rates of Reaction free essay sample

Investigating how the concentration of sodium-thiosulphate (STS) and hydrochloric acid (HCL) affects the rate of reaction in the experiment. In addition I am also checking how different variables affect my experiment and also how I can make my test more precise, reliable and accurate. Strategy According to my results, as the concentration of STS solution increased the rate of reaction of my experiment was increased. Also as the concentration of STS solution decreased, the time of reaction increased. In my preliminary test I checked my equipment and I came to a conclusion that my equipment was working well. The preliminary test checked if the experiment actually worked and the things I used were reliable for me to use. The method I used to carry out my experiment was very reliable. I first picked the type of experiment I was going to do. Which consisted of many types or variables such as: changing the temperature, catalyst, surface area and concentration etc. As I had limited time I picked concentration. I also had to choose which type concentration I needed either 1 molar or 2 molars (concentration types). I realised that picking the 1 molar STS solution the rate of reaction was very slow. However in the 2 molar STS solution the rate of reaction was quick. As I was short on time I chose the 2 molar STS solution nevertheless picking this type of concentration could lead me to see more reaction between STS and HCL particles. Therefore allowing me to create an accurate test and allowing me to obtain precise results. Once I decided the concentration I then carried out my experiment. In my preliminary test I carried out my experiment using three beakers which contained of STS, H20 and HCL. In my experiment I applied H20 so that I could see the rate of reaction through a more dilute solution. I applied all of these solutions in to a conical flask. I recorded my results using a timer just to see if the experiment worked. What I predicted in my preliminary test was, as the sodium-thiosulphate concentration increased, the time taken for the solution to turn cloudy took longer. In this experiment I knew when the solution was completely cloudy was until the black cross underneath the flask had disappeared to my sight. Sodium-thiosulphate – used as solution as part of my experiment Hydrochloric Acid – used as solution as part of my experiment Beaker – used for carrying the solution Measuring cylinder – used for measuring the volume of solution Timer – used to measure the time taken for the solution to get cloudy Calculator – used to calculate the average time Conical Flask – used to carry out the experiment Black-cross card- used to see weather or not the solution had turned fully cloudy. Collecting Data In my experiment most of the variables I had were: volume of HCL, volume of STS, concentration of HCL or STS, temperature of room, type of apparatus and many more. The variable I changed was the volume of STS and the volume of water. The variable that I kept the same was the hydrochloric acid which remained at 30ml throughout the whole experiment. By doing so it made my experiment a fair test as I was controlling other variables such as HCL. I kept the other variables the same in order to allow my experiment to be a fair test. Taking temperature into consideration if I did not control this my results would be inaccurate. My experiment was carried out very safely. I made sure that I was wearing my safety goggles whilst I carried out my test. My experiment was placed not in the way of people so that my experiment is not any risk to me or them. In addition the safety rules made my experiment a fair test. Nevertheless regarding my data of results I had were very reliable and precise as I don’t have any outliers and my graph shows that the increase of STS is directly proportional to the time taken for the solution to become cloudy. To make sure that my test went accurately and precisely I made sure that my timing was accurately done not pressing the timer too early or late. This again shows that my test was a fair test. As the range of volumes of STS I had consisted between 12ml to 40ml although if I applied higher concentrations the test would have been more reliable. However I used these concentration types so that I can get a clear picture that STS reacts with HCL in a certain period of time. I repeated these volumes three times and as a result no outliers had become visible to me on my data. This suggested that my experiment was carried out very accurately. As well as in my preliminary test I also repeated the test three times so that I could see the results were accurate and precise. Similarly my real experiment was done very precisely such as calculating or measuring the results or measuring the amount of solution in each beaker etc. I predicted that I would find a wrong result whilst doing my experiment, however my prediction was wrong and the results were very accurate. If by chance I found an outlier I would not count it with the rest of my results and I would repeat that test again. One of my problems I encountered during my experiment was the time taken to press the timer which in my opinion affected my results. Interpreting Data What I notice in my results was that as the concentration of STS kept on increasing the time take for the solution to get cloudy was decreasing. For example when there was 12ml of STS the average time was 140 seconds. Where as when the STS was at 40ml the average time was 32 seconds which shows a very big relationship between the amount of STS and the time taken. This was due to the concentration of the STS solution. In comparison to my preliminary results I can see some similarities between the concentration types of the STS solution. Also I can see on my graph the scatter of results look very accurate and the natural trend of my results shows a negative correlation. What my graph shows is that the percentage of sodium-thiosulphate increased then the time taken for the experiment decreased. So as the sodium-thiosulphate particles increased which meant that there where more particles colliding with the hydrochloric acid particles. This altogether led to a decrease in the time taken for the reaction to happen. Not only is the results reliable but they are easy to understand as for the key which describes the part on the graph such as line of best fit, error bars etc. Therefore the data I obtained looks very reliable. The picture bellow suggests that if the concentration increases the collision rate increases. Also many other variables affect the collision rate to increase such as Catalysts and temperature etc. Evaluation In conclusion I think my experiment was very successful. My data is very reliable and accurate as I have no outliers. I probably did not encounter any outliers because the precision and the accuracy I applied to my investigation during timing or measuring etc. this shows the reliability of my investigation. The results could have been improved by repeating the investigation more times so that I can further improve the reliability of my data. On the other hand I am very confident with my results. On my graph the results show very small error bars which suggests that my results again were very accurate. I was also confidant with the safety of this experiment which mostly when I was pouring out STS and HCL. Therefore this applies to the accuracy of the test. On my table of results I repeated my investigation 3 times to ensure the reliability of my data. Nevertheless I measured the time taken to the nearest second which builds precision in my experiment. I am very confident with the method I used whilst using simple equipment and obtaining fantastic results and my experiment was a success. Overall I am really confident in this investigation, however I can make improvements. Maybe using a better timer to record my results would have granted me more accurate results. I could have also changed the concentration of the HCL solution. This would make my investigation more of a fair test because during my experiment I used a stronger concentration of the STS solution and so it would have been better if I used the stronger HCL solution. Also safety was equally important to the investigation. I can also improve my experiment by using a turbidity sensor which judges how cloudy things are. By using this turbidity sensor would give me more precise and reliable results. In my opinion this experiment was a very good choice as temperature, surface area and catalysts were also different variable choices, however what I noticed at the start of the experiment was that this investigation was easy to layout and the equipment was available. My results were outstanding seen as though I had no outliers or the error bars on my graph are very small. The line of best fit shows a natural trend between the solution and the average time taken. But taken into consideration the time taken to record the results was not 100% accurate. This problem would have been avoided if I used more accurate equipment. Taken as a whole I can see that my experiment went very well. I am very confident with my results and I can feel that my investigation was very precise, accurate and my results were extremely reliable. I also feel very confidant that my investigation went well.